Trends in Modern Grid Systems for Future Planning

Following the wide recognition of Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters as a cornerstone for grid stability, the focus of innovation is rapidly shifting from “forming” the grid to actively orchestrating it. The next frontier blends intelligence, adaptability, and cross-domain interaction — pushing power systems into what experts now call the Grid 3.0 era. Here’s where research and advanced practice are heading : ① Multi-Mode & Hybrid-Compatible Inverters (HC-GFIs) Next-gen converters can seamlessly operate in GFM or GFL modes depending on system strength — enhancing flexibility and resilience under changing conditions (Nature Scientific Reports, 2025; ArXiv Energy Systems, 2024). ② Unified AC/DC & Dual-Port Architectures Dual-port inverters are enabling hybrid microgrids, dynamically balancing AC and DC power flows to integrate solar, storage, and EV systems with unprecedented efficiency. ③ Wide-Area Damping via PMU-Driven Control Using synchronized phasor measurements and edge computing, wide-area damping control (WADC) coordinates multiple GFMs, HVDC links, and FACTS devices — achieving real-time system stabilization even in weak grids. ④ Digital, Predictive & AI-Assisted Operations AI-enabled predictive control is now being used to anticipate voltage instabilities, optimize inertia emulation, and coordinate fleets of distributed GFMs (NREL Digital Twin Grid Initiative, 2024). ⑤ Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) & Hydrogen-Linked Storage Thousands of GFMs, EVs, and hydrogen fuel systems are being aggregated into Virtual Power Plants capable of grid support, black-start, and ancillary services at national scale. ▪️In essence: we’re evolving from grid-forming to grid-intelligent systems — adaptive, self-healing, and data-driven. The future grid will not only be stable; it will be strategically aware. #GridForming #GridIntelligence #PowerSystems #BESS #HybridGrids #AIinEnergy #VPP #EnergyTransition #IEEE_PES

For most of the last century, generators stabilised the grid as a by-product of producing energy. Today, we are building assets that stabilise the grid without producing energy at all. That shift identifies the binding constraint. Electricity system transition is no longer constrained by renewable resource availability. It is constrained by deliverability and operability. In inverter-dominated systems under rapid load growth, the binding constraints are: - transmission and major substation capacity - system strength, fault levels, frequency and voltage control - connection and commissioning throughput - secure operation under worst-day conditions - execution pace across networks and system services Generation capacity remains necessary. On its own, it no longer delivers firm supply or supports large new loads. Historically, synchronous generators supplied energy and stability together. Inertia, fault current, voltage support, and controllability were implicit. As synchronous plant retires, these services must be provided explicitly. Stability shifts from physics-led to control-led. System behaviour becomes more sensitive to modelling accuracy, protection coordination, control settings, and real-time visibility. Curtailment is not excess energy. It is a deliverability or security constraint. When transmission and substations lag generation, congestion and curtailment rise. Independent analysis shows that delay increases prices and emissions by extending reliance on higher-cost thermal generation. Distribution networks are no longer passive. They now host distributed generation, storage, EV charging, and large loads at the edge of transmission. Voltage control, protection coordination, hosting capacity, and connection throughput now constrain both decarbonisation and industrial growth. Firming is a hard requirement. Batteries provide fast frequency response and contingency arrest. They do not provide multi-day energy and do not replace networks or system strength in weak grids. Demand response reduces peaks. It cannot be relied upon for system-wide security under stress. Execution speed is critical. Slow delivery increases congestion duration, curtailment exposure, reserve requirements, and reliance on ageing plant. These effects flow directly into costs, emissions, and reliability. This is why electricity bills can rise even when average wholesale prices fall. Costs are driven by peak demand, contingencies, and security, not average energy. Large digital and industrial loads are transmission-scale, continuous, and failure-intolerant. They increase contingency size and correlation risk. At that scale, loads do not connect to the grid, they shape it. Supporting growth requires time-to-power, transmission and substation capacity in load corridors, explicit system strength and fault levels, operable firming under worst-day conditions, scalable connection and commissioning, and early procurement of long lead time HV equipment. #energy

AI data centers are becoming grid assets — not just loads. Utilities are tightening requirements faster than developers can adapt. The next wave of hyperscale development will require a hybrid grid-support stack just to achieve rapid interconnection. “The hyperscale campus of the future will bring its own inertia, VAR stability, and ramp control.” ⚡️ The New Grid Reality for Hyperscale AI-scale campuses (100–500 MW, 80–200 kW/rack) no longer behave like traditional IT loads. They generate fast ramps, sub-second variability, harmonics, and voltage sensitivity. In many nodes, this looks less like a “typical customer” and more like a converter-dominated industrial plant. Utilities and TSOs are already responding with stricter technical requirements: • Tighter Power Quality (PQ) limits (harmonics, flicker, voltage deviations) • EMT modelling (sub-cycle electromagnetic transient analysis) • Ramp-rate caps (MW/min load-change limits) • VAR obligations at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) (reactive-power performance) The bar is rising fast. Here’s how the industry is adapting: 1️⃣ STATCOMs — the Core of Modern VAR & PQ Performance STATCOMs are becoming essential for AI-ready campuses: • Millisecond reactive-power response • Voltage stabilization on weak nodes • Flicker and harmonic mitigation • Dynamic support during rapid load changes Hybrid angle: Many deployments now integrate STATCOM + BESS under one coordinated control layer. 2️⃣ BESS — From Backup System to Ramp-Shaping Engine Battery Energy Storage Systems are evolving into strategic grid assets. They can: • Cap MW/min ramps • Smooth sub-second GPU variability • Support fault-ride-through requirements • Reshape AI load curves for grid compatibility Impact: A 200 MW AI cluster becomes significantly easier for utilities to manage. 3️⃣ Synchronous Condensers — Inertia & Short-Circuit Strength In weak or inverter-dominated grids, synchronous condensers provide: • Real inertia • Higher short-circuit strength (SCR) • Improved transient and angle stability • Reduced FIDVR risk In practice: bringing your own short-circuit power to the PCC. 📌 Implications for Developers & Investors ➡️ Interconnection packages are shifting. Expect utilities to require hybrid systems, especially where SCR is low. ➡️ Faster time-to-energization. Stronger grid-support design reduces system risk, accelerates studies, and improves negotiation leverage. ➡️ Delays are expensive. Months of delay on a 300–500 MW AI campus carry enormous financial consequences. Hybrid VAR, inertia, and ramp-shaping solutions buy time — and time is value. #DataCenters #GridStability #STATCOM #BESS #SynchronousCondenser #Hyperscale #PowerQuality #EnergySystems #AIInfrastructure #Interconnection

Grid Integration Challenges for Renewable Energy — Why the Future Grid Must Be Smarter ⚡ As solar PV and wind power grow at record speed, one thing is clear: our traditional grid was not designed for renewable-dominant energy systems. High renewable penetration brings incredible potential—along with new technical challenges that engineers and regulators must solve together. Here are the core challenges: 1. Variability & Unpredictability Solar and wind fluctuate within minutes, creating continuous balancing challenges and requiring faster, more flexible grid control. 2. Voltage & Frequency Instability Traditional grids rely on large synchronous generators that naturally stabilize voltage and frequency. But today, as more inverter-based renewables connect: 🔹Voltage rises and dips become more frequent 🔹Frequency stability weakens without mechanical inertia 🔹System operators face tighter balancing requirements 3. Reverse Power Flow from Distributed PV Rooftop and community solar now push power back into the grid, Instead of power flowing from grid → consumer, we now see frequent consumer → grid feedback. 🔹Transformer stress 🔹Protection miscoordination 🔹Feeder overloading 4. Grid Congestion & Hosting Capacity Limits Aging distribution lines were never built for thousands of microgenerators. Result: feeder congestion, curtailment, and voltage violations during sunny hours. 5. Low Inertia in Renewable-Dominant Grids Inverter-based renewables lack natural inertia, increasing the risk of: 🔹Rapid frequency swings 🔹Poor fault ride-through 🔹Cascading instability Solutions like synthetic inertia and grid-forming inverters are becoming essential. 6. Outdated Infrastructure & Slow Regulatory Updates Legacy grid codes and planning methods still assume centralized fossil generation. We need updated standards, smarter protection, and new interconnection rules. 7. Need for Smart Grids, Storage & Digital Control The clean-energy future requires: 🔹BESS 🔹Smart inverters 🔹IoT-based monitoring 🔹AI forecasting & optimization 🔹Flexible loads & demand response 🔹Microgrids and hybrid systems These technologies transform variability into stability and turn distributed generators into active grid assets. 💡 The Future: A Smart, Flexible, Hybrid Grid Research and global experience show that the solution isn’t just reinforcing the grid — it’s digitizing it. The more renewables we add, the smarter our grid must become, and this transition is already accelerating across the world. #RenewableEnergy #SmartGrid #GridIntegration #CleanEnergy #EnergyTransition #SustainableEnergy #SolarPV #WindEnergy #EnergyStorage #Microgrids #InverterTechnology #DigitalGrid #EnergyInnovation #FutureOfEnergy #Decarbonization

I have spent nearly twenty years building energy system models. Continental-scale at granular spatial scales. Hourly (or finer) temporal resolution. Co-optimising generation, storage, transmission, distributed energy resources (DERs), and demand simultaneously. Thousands of scenarios. I have published in Nature Climate Change, Science and PNAS. My work has over 4,300 academic citations. Here is what I have learned: the tools most organisations still use to plan energy systems are not fit for the decisions ahead. Most capacity expansion models optimise generation only. They bolt on storage as an afterthought. They treat the transmission network as a copper plate or a simplified transport model. They run on annual energy balances, missing the hourly dynamics that determine whether the system actually works. They assume stable, predictable fuel prices. The last four weeks have demonstrated why every one of those assumptions is dangerous. When gas was £30/MWh, a model that ignored fuel price volatility produced a plausible answer. At £67/MWh and rising, with Ras Laffan physically destroyed, with the BoE pricing rate hikes instead of cuts, with the Ofgem cap headed for £2,000+, the same model produces an answer that could lead to billions in misallocated capital. What we actually need: models that co-optimise across the whole system (generation, storage, transmission, DERs, demand) at nodal or zonal resolution with sub-hourly dispatch, weather-synchronised across wind, solar, and demand, with stochastic fuel prices that reflect the world we actually live in. Where you build matters as much as what you build. A wind farm in northern Scotland connected to a constrained transmission corridor produces curtailed energy and consumer costs. The same wind farm sited where the grid has capacity produces revenue and system value. The UK is making decisions right now about grid investment, generation siting, storage deployment, and demand connections that will lock in infrastructure for decades. The grid queue reform, the Clean Power 2030 target, the SSEP, the data centre surge, the Hormuz shock. These are not separate problems. They are one system. The planning tools need to catch up with the reality. #EnergyModelling #EnergyTransition #UKEnergy #PowerSystems #CleanEnergy #RenewableEnergy #GridReform #EnergyPolicy #NetZero #EnergyStorage #CapacityExpansion #SystemPlanning

A recent The Texas Tribune story on a new South Texas data center highlights an essential shift in how we think about grid strategy. By collocating with a wind farm with untapped capacity, the data center will benefit from using energy that was previously stranded due to system curtailment. This is an example of innovation arising where grid constraints once existed. Projects like this represent more than creative engineering; they illustrate how load placement and flexibility are becoming essential tools in interconnection and system design. This model reflects the kind of innovation we need across the energy ecosystem: ⚫ Aligning generation and demand geographically to ease transmission congestion.  ⚫ Leveraging flexible, responsive loads that strengthen the grid.  ⚫ Embracing an all-of-the-above mix where renewables, natural gas, storage, and emerging technologies work in balance to sustain reliability and affordability.    The next decade will reward those who think beyond infrastructure silos and design systems that integrate technology to make our grid more reliable, resilient, affordable, and flexible.  #Power #EnergyLeadership #GridStrategy #GridotheFuture #FutureofEnergy https://lnkd.in/gDRZ6mPw

There’s a pattern we lived through once already, and we are living through it again. In the 90s and early 2000s, we built transmission to serve native load, connect local generation, and meet N-1 reliability. The grid we built wasn’t “wrong”. It just wasn’t built for the world that followed. And while today’s urgency around transmission is absolutely justified, I think there’s a part that’s getting lost in the noise: the distribution grid. For decades, distribution was the quiet part of the grid. Radial lines with slow, steady growth. But it is changing just as fast, and in some places even faster. Behind-the-meter generation and load are scaling and the distribution grid is carrying more responsibility, more complexity, and more variability than ever before on infrastructure that was never designed for it. NREL now projects that distribution transformer capacity needs to grow roughly 260% by 2050 to support electrification, DERs, and changing load shapes. We are nowhere near that trajectory today. ▪️ 𝗟𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗹-𝘁𝗶𝗺𝗲 𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆: 𝘔𝘰𝘴𝘵 𝘥𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘣𝘶𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘴𝘺𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘮𝘴 𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘭𝘭 𝘭𝘢𝘤𝘬 𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘴𝘰𝘳𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘭-𝘵𝘪𝘮𝘦 𝘮𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘢𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘦𝘳 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘴𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳 𝘭𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘭 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘮𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘯 𝘰𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴. ▪️ 𝗟𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝗿𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗳𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁𝘀: 𝘙𝘢𝘥𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘪𝘨𝘯𝘴 𝘰𝘧𝘧𝘦𝘳 𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘵𝘭𝘦 𝘧𝘭𝘦𝘹𝘪𝘣𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘵𝘰 𝘴𝘩𝘪𝘧𝘵 𝘱𝘰𝘸𝘦𝘳, 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘨𝘦 𝘋𝘌𝘙, 𝘰𝘳 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘱𝘰𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘰 𝘧𝘢𝘴𝘵-𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘭𝘰𝘢𝘥 𝘱𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘯𝘴. ▪️ 𝗟𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗳𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗶𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗼𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻-𝗹𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗹 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀: 𝘖𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘴 𝘩𝘢𝘷𝘦 𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘪𝘮𝘢𝘭 𝘵𝘰𝘰𝘭𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘤𝘰𝘰𝘳𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘢𝘵𝘦 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘴𝘮𝘪𝘴𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘴 𝘥𝘶𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘴𝘺𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘮 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴 𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘴 𝘰𝘳 𝘵𝘰 𝘥𝘪𝘴𝘱𝘢𝘵𝘤𝘩 𝘥𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘣𝘶𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘤𝘦𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘦𝘷𝘪𝘢𝘵𝘦 𝘣𝘶𝘭𝘬 𝘴𝘺𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘮 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘴. ▪️ 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗴 𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗽𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗱 𝘁𝗶𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝘂𝗽𝗽𝗹𝘆-𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁𝘀: 𝘋𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘣𝘶𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘴𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘯𝘰𝘸 𝘧𝘢𝘤𝘦 2-4 𝘺𝘦𝘢𝘳 𝘥𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘺 𝘥𝘦𝘭𝘢𝘺𝘴, 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘨𝘦 𝘱𝘰𝘸𝘦𝘳 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘴𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘢𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘨𝘪𝘯𝘨 128 𝘸𝘦𝘦𝘬𝘴, 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘪𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘶𝘵𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘦𝘴' 𝘢𝘣𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘵𝘰 𝘶𝘱𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘥𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘧𝘳𝘢𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘳𝘢𝘱𝘪𝘥𝘭𝘺. I think this is the part of the transition that deserves far more attention than it’s getting. The next bottleneck isn’t years away. It’s already here. The question is whether we wait for the symptoms and then react, or do we design the system proactively so that we don’t repeat the same challenges we are now facing with transmission. #DistributionGrid #GridModernization #DER #EnergyPolicy #Infrastructure #Utilities #Transmission #Planning

If you work in power systems, Australia is one of the most interesting grids in the world to follow 🇦🇺⚡ It’s where some of the hardest challenges of high inverter‑based penetration are being tackled first. A few years ago, grid‑forming (GFM) batteries in Australia were still pilot projects. Today, the country is setting a global benchmark for how inverter‑based resources can actively stabilize a modern power system. I recently came across two ARENA‑initiated reports by Ekistica. They provide quite insightful perspectives on how this transition has played out in practice.   The first, Lessons Learnt and Future Directions from ARENA’s Grid‑Forming Battery Portfolio (June 2025), examined four pioneering projects on the National Electricity Market: • Hornsdale Power Reserve Expansion • Wallgrove Grid Battery • Broken Hill BESS • Darlington Point BESS   Jointly, above projects demonstrated that grid‑forming battery energy storage systems can deliver synthetic inertia and system strength, even in weak parts of the grid, and can operate through real‑world frequency disturbances. Just as importantly, the report highlights the tougher realities: grid‑connection processes built around synchronous machines, limited transparency in OEM models, and market frameworks that struggled to value services like system strength.   The second, Early Findings from ARENA’s Second Round of Grid-Forming Battery Projects: Update Report (October 2025) shows how quickly things evolved. Subsequent projects increasingly treated grid‑forming capability not as an experiment, but as a default design choice, supported by improving regulatory settings and more standardized technical approaches.   This practical deployment is also being reinforced by deeper system‑level research. The RACE for 2030 project "Understanding power system dynamics with high levels of grid‑forming inverters" focuses on developing an efficient way of modelling the GFM inverters and associated controls. Better models, better tools, critical technical skills and better understanding are essential if these technologies are to scale without compromising system security.   Put together, these efforts help explain why Australia matters to the global industry: ✅ early, real‑world deployment at scale ✅ open discussion of technical and regulatory lessons ✅ coordinated research to close modelling and skills gaps  Australia isn’t just a case study—it’s a preview of what is hopefully coming next in the RoW! Photo source: NS Energy, Liddell Battery Project, Australia   #GridForming #BESS #PowerSystems #EnergyTransition #ARENA #RACEfor2030 #InverterBasedResources

A great conversation with Fatih Birol, Executive Director of the International Energy Agency (IEA), highlighted 3 themes shaping the future of energy: • Faster electrification • More complex grids • Rising pressure on electricity costs Electrification is scaling now. Systems are shifting from predictable and linear to dynamic, decentralized, and multidirectional. Acceleration alone is not enough. It must be matched with resilience. New demand from data centers and EVs, combined with rapid growth in distributed generation like rooftop solar, is adding significant complexity. One priority stood out: stability. Reliable and uninterrupted power is essential for economies, industry, and daily life. Affordability is equally critical. Energy costs are becoming more volatile. For electrification to grow sustainably, electricity must remain accessible and competitively priced. Cost drives long‑term adoption. These issues are interconnected. Progress in electrification depends on resilience, and both depend on affordability. The good news: the technologies to address this are already available: ✔️ Flexible, intelligent grids ✔️ AI‑enabled energy management ✔️ Advanced power distribution that turns complexity into operational advantage Now is the time to treat energy not only as a cost but as a strategic asset for competitiveness, sustainability, and growth. The priority ahead is clear: scale these solutions with speed and confidence to meet the demands of the new energy landscape. #FredsVoice #AdvancingEnergyTech

The Grid-Enhancing Tech Map (by Elisabeth at Extantia)⚡ Decarbonization requires a smarter and more flexible grid that can handle intermittent renewables and growing electrification. Here are 4 key areas shaping the future of the grid: ▪️𝗔𝗱𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀 - New materials that increase line capacity and efficiency. → Development: High Temperature Superconductors, Inc. → Pilot/Demo: SuperNode Ltd, VEIR → Commercial: Nexans, CTC Global, TS Conductor ▪️𝗔𝗱𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗱 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗿𝘀 - Smarter, more efficient transformers with monitoring capabilities. → Pilot/Demo: IONATE, Amperesand, Ezone Energy → Commercial: ENODA Ltd ▪️𝗚𝗿𝗶𝗱 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - Software and hardware to make the grid visible, flexible, and more efficient. → Development: Euto Energy, Splight → Pilot/Demo: Arkion, Neara, Camus Energy, Laki Power → Commercial: envelio, Ampacimon, Heimdall Power ▪️𝗚𝗿𝗶𝗱 𝗘𝘅𝗽𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 - Faster interconnection, planning, and power flow simulation. → Development: Piq Energy, GridCARE → Pilot/Demo: Kevala, Nira Energy, encoord → Commercial: IQGeo, Exodigo, NovoGrid Explore the full startup map below. 👇 --- 📍 For more climate-tech and startup insights, follow me @Hugo Rauch or listen to the podcast by typing "VCo2 Hugo Rauch" on Apple, Spotify, and YouTube.