What happens when you type https://www.google.com in your browser and press Enter.

When https://www.gogle.com is typed and entered in the browser, the browser will send a request to the DNS server to acquire the domain name to an IP address. On acquiring the IP address, the user's machine establishes a connection or transmission of data between the user and web server through the acquired IP address. The type of connection occurring in this phase is known as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the entire process is called “handshake”.

When a request is sent to the browser, the request from the browser makes it to Google's server and passes through the firewall on its way. The firewall checks the incoming request to make sure it is allowed based on its security rules. The firewall scrutinizes to ensure that the user's request is allowed before permitting it. 

After establishing the connection, the user's browser now sends a request for the webpage using an encryption protocol like Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)  in order to encrypt the data that will be shared between your computer and the server. This type of encryption is what is responsible for the "s" in "https" which also signifies that the connection is secure.

Sites with high traffic, maintain a host of servers and for that matter, there is a need for a load balancer that receives most of the requests and sends it to a particular server. The request from the user browser will therefore hit the load balancer first which will forward it to a specific server depending on the algorithm used by the load balancer. The server that receives the request then sends a response back to the load balancer which also forwards the response back to the user's browser. The response will mostly include HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files that make up Google's homepage.

If the need be for some dynamic content such as Google search results, then the web server will make a request to the application server, which in turn may make a request to a database server to get some data and send it back to the web server. The web server will then add  these in the response that it sends back to the browser.

Finally, the browser will render the page and display it to the user.