Quick Formulas from Foundation Engineering

Civil engineering structures are unimaginable without a strong foundation. A deep understanding of geotechnical engineering and soil mechanics enables engineers to optimize project costs across all three phases—Concept, Preliminary, and Detailed Engineering. This article aims to explore fundamental equations, soil classification methods, and key correlations in the field of geotechnical engineering.

Volumetric and weight relationships

Atterberg limits (Cohesive soils)

Non-cohesive (granular) soil classification

Cohesive soil classification

Rock classification based on Unconfined Compressive Strength

Soil classification based on grading, Well graded, Poorly graded and Gap-graded

Pile Capacity

Relationships between tests and soil parameters

The soil's bearing capacity (strength), deformation (settlement), compaction, permeability, and consolidation characteristics are assessed through various in-situ tests.

Conclusion

A civil engineer with a strong command of soil mechanics, geotechnical engineering, foundation design, pile construction, and ground improvement is a valuable asset to the design, construction, and project management team. Proper soil engineering ensures the smooth progress of a project and helps mitigate unforeseen challenges ( schedule overrun, cost overrun, ground failure/settlement).

We welcome you to share your feedback, experiences, and insights on geotechnical investigations, design, and challenges encountered in your projects.

References and further resources

1. https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.psu.edu/dist/1/57960/files/2016/10/Some-Useful-Numbers-1g1rkuu.pdf
2. https://www.fps.org.uk/
3. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/geotechnical/98139/02.cfm
4. https://www1.bca.gov.sg/docs/default-source/docs-corp-regulatory/building-control/guide-on-ground-investigation-and-geotechnical-characteristic-values-to-ec7-24-apr-2015.pdf?sfvrsn=860cd437_2
5. https://www.cedd.gov.hk/filemanager/eng/content_148/ep1_2006.pdf