ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: An Internet-Enabled Technology. Part - 1
I propose to consider the question, "Can machines think?" This should begin with definitions of the meaning of the terms "machine" and "think." The Imitation Game, A. M. Turing, (1950) Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind 49: 433-460.
In the computer field, the moment of truth is a running program; all else is prophecy. ─Herbert Simon, Winner of Turing Prize in Computer Science, and Nobel Prize in Economics, The shape of automation for men and management. 1965
Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better ─Elaine Rich and Kevin Knight, Artificial Intelligence, McGraw-Hill, 1991.
The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it. ─ Mark Weiser 1991 in “The Computer for the Twenty-first Century”
Computation is the fire in our modern-day caves. By 2056, the computational revolution will be recognized as a transformation as significant as the industrial revolution. The evolution and widespread diffusion of computation and its analytic fruits will have major impacts on socioeconomics, science, and culture. ─Eric Horvitz, 2007 President of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)
A system is a group of related hardware or software units or both, dedicated to a single application. Systems cannot act reliably in ignorance. They need to know how to act intelligently. James S Albus, Chief, Intelligent Systems Division, NIST define intelligence in his book “A reference model architecture for intelligent systems design” published in 1993, “the ability to act appropriately in an uncertain environment, where appropriate action is that which increases the probability of success, and success is the achievement of behavioral goals. The intelligent system acts so as to maximize the probability of success and minimize the probability of failure."
A simple search on Wikipedia on Artificial intelligence (AI) shows that it traditionally refers to an artificial creation of human-like intelligence that can learn reason, plan, perceive, or process natural language [Wikipedia].
These qualities of AI are bringing and will bring huge changes in social and economic opportunities. It will also give rise to debate on ethical, social and economic challenges due to the impact of AI on a day to day lives. We can think of two most visible examples, the facial recognition software, and driver-less car. Facial recognition is used as a security measure for unlocking device but giving rise to ethical questions on privacy. “Deepface” developed by Facebook has 97.35% accuracy rate on the Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) dataset, reducing the error of the current state of the art by more than 27%, closely approaching human-level performance. More companies are venturing into facial recognition software and if that product can be integrated with devices with camera features, can be used by individuals on another individual without that person's knowledge or consent, which will cross a bright line for privacy and personal safety. Similarly, a driverless car can give hope and options to millions of people to become mobile, reduce emission, congestion, may even phase out traffic lights in future but has an immense impact on jobs of 3.1 million truck drivers in the US in near future.
The combined capability to collect, process and analyze “Big Data”, scalability of cloud computing and the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), has become a fertile ground for new AI applications and connected devices to expand their footprints. All the technical Innovation accessible to the public due to the Internet is making AI integral part of our day to day lives.
As with the scope of AI expanding, business is trying to use new technologies to offer new products & services and increasing their investment on AI. As with the introduction of new products and services and impact on the socio-economic lives of people, it is also forcing governments to analyze and understand artificial intelligence impact on their citizens.
We have been using AI on some of the internet-based services with or without our knowledge and current development is leaning more towards AI with greater impact on future use of the internet.
The simple definition of artificial intelligence as stated by Elaine Rich was relevant for past focus on AI research as well as it will remain valid for AI researcher in foreseeable future. In order to develop intelligent systems, it is required to have a deep understanding of human reasoning and intelligent action in general.
Next: Artificial Intelligence P II
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I think that a deep understanding of human reasoning is necessary not only for the creation of artificial intelligence but primarily for ourselves - if we are not able to be normal (intelligent, responsible, compassionate) people, what kind of artificial intelligence can we create?
I might be jumping the gun with my question and an answer might be provided in Part 2. In the opening of the article, a question for consideration was posed : "Can machines think?", however in the article there is no summary on whether machines can think or not, nor a prelude to part 2 if this will be unpacked. When looking at AI, should 'thinking' be considered from a human perspective only as a bias or can it be in generic form (thinking requires presence of mind, which needs a brain, consciousness, perception, etc). Looking forward to part 2.
it is upto us the solution providers how quickly we develop use cases in different industries and understand its impact more closely.
AI will be a dominating technology gambit, and will replace substantial labor force in manufacturing set up Nations mastering this technology will rule the next century, it is making fast inroads into defence Congratulations Rajesh for compiling and writing a great short note!!!